Difference between revisions of "Maribor Art Gallery"

Latest revision as of 02:38, 27 February 2023

Exterior of the Maribor Art Gallery building in 2007. In the cellar of the historical building one can find the Satchmo Jazz Club, Maribor

With its collection of more than 3,000 art works by Slovene artists from the end of the 19th century up to the present, the Maribor Art Gallery (Umetnostna galerija Maribor (UGM)) is one of the main museums for modern and contemporary art in Slovenia. Painting, sculpture, and prints are joined by photographs, video art, multimedia installations, and interactive art projects. UGM serves as a regional museum of modern and contemporary art in the area of the Municipality of Maribor, its founder, as well as in the greater area of north-eastern Slovenia. The museum also runs the UGM Studio and manages the Forma Viva Open Air Sculpture Collection in the City Park. The researchers can benefit from its rich Library and Archive. In 2015 UGM has been in charge of the Slovenian pavilion featuring JAŠA at the Venice Biennial.

Background and venues

By establishing the Maribor Art Gallery in 1954 as the first professional institution in the field of fine arts Maribor again became a relatively important centre of artistic and cultural development that goes back to the tradition of the Grohar Art Club, which was established in the 1920s and had a pioneering role in the organised art life in Maribor. By moving into the building on the corner of Strossmayerjeva and Orožnova streets, UGM acquired about 800 square metres of exhibition space, including the representative Knights' Hall and Pillar Hall. The main exhibition venues are located in the former manor house built in the first half of the 19th century and the former church of the Celestine monastery from the second half of the 18th century.

In 1966 the gallery acquired the Rotovž Salon located at the old Town Hall ('Rotovž') and in the 80s a Department for Contemporary Art and an additional modernist space for presenting contemporary visual art in the very centre of the town. The former space was closed in the 90s, while the second one runs the contemporary art programme as an UGM Studio.

Programme

With its collection and the programme of approximately 20 exhibitions and events annually – ranging from retrospective reviews of works by Slovene artists, through solo and group presentations of visual and new media artists to international festivals of contemporary art as well as architecture and design exhibitions – UGM importantly shapes both the art scene in Slovenia, regionally and internationally. The most important international event is the International Triennial Ecology and Art, organised by the Maribor Art Gallery since 1980. The museum also collaborates with other local organisers. In 2010, for example, it hosted the exhibition Twenty-six million minutes later. New Tendencies, from the Collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art Zagreb in the framework of the International Festival of Computer Arts (IFCA).

The gallery's Education Department runs an art programme for children and youth, including an annual exhibition Gallery-suits-me [Miprijagalerija].

Collection

The collection contains works by major artists of modern and contemporary art, particularly by those from Styria (Štajerska region), Carinthia (Koroška region) and East Slovenia (Prekmurje region). Since 1999 UGM has held the first collection of video art in Slovenia. The collection of UGM comprises mainly works acquired through a systematic purchase policy, plus donations and legacies and also a small number of works of art transferred from the Maribor Regional Museum.

Paintings and sculptures

The collection of paintings comprises major historical styles of fine art of the 20th century and represents the core of the permanent collection of UGM. The features of the UGM collection are some complete opuses of selected authors from north-eastern Slovenia, such as Janez Šibila, Maks Kavčič, Oton Polak, and Zmago Jeraj. Another focus are certain art movements, especially Slovene Expressionism and New Objectivity: the collection contains a few excellent works by Tone Kralj and France Kralj, and Fran Stiplovšek, as well as the opuses of Slavko Tihec and painter Rudolf Kotnik, the pioneers and leading figures of Slovenian abstract art of the early 1960s.

The production of the recent decades is represented by the works of Oto Rimele, Darko Golija, Jurij Kalan, Marko Jakše, Zdenka Žido, and others. The collection attracts attention also with the works of Zoran Mušič, an internationally acclaimed Slovenian painter who spent his youth and early creative years in Maribor.

Prints and drawings

Printmaking, drawing and other works on paper form a substantial part of the UGM collection, again based on 20th-century styles. Works on paper have been created by using different classic and experimental techniques and represent an interesting study material. The collection of prints includes works by all major Slovene artists; among those particularly interesting are Lojze Šušmelj's opus from the late 1960s, Bojan Golija's cycle of prints from the late 1950s that was inspired by Japanese prints, excellent works by the so-called "Ljubljana Printmaking School" works by Bogdan Borčić, a leading Slovene printmaker of the older generation, as well as works by one of the most prominent printmakers of the younger generation, Samuel Grajfoner.

Photography

UGM primarily collects photographic works produced after 1960, when photography in Slovenia became an independent artistic medium. During this time some Maribor-based photographers were also acclaimed in the wider area of the former Yugoslavia. The central part of the collection consists of works by members of the "Maribor Circle" with Zmago Jeraj, Ivan Dvoršak, Branko Jerneić, and Janko Andrej Jelnikar who donated more than 140 photographs in 2009. The museum acquires also the works by younger artists who have established themselves through photography, among them Aleksandra Vajd.

Video and new media

In 1999 UGM was the first museum in Slovenia to collect works by Slovene video artists. The collection is conceived as a historical survey of Slovene video works from the 1960s to present time. It includes the works by the pioneers from the 1960s and 1970s (Nuša Dragan & Srečo Dragan, Miha Vipotnik), and by the most important video artists of the 1980s and 1990s, when the medium was established as an independent and equal medium of artistic creativity (among them Marina Gržinić & Aina Šmid, Marko Kovačič, Andrej Lupinc, Zemira Alajbegović Pečovnik & Neven Korda). The works from the 1990s by Nataša Prosenc, Andrej Zdravič, Jasna Hribernik, Franc Purg, and Ema Kugler are presented as well as the contemporary production expanding to new media (Vuk Ćosić, Igor Štromajer, Janez Janša, Apolonija Šušteršič, Damijan Kracina & Vladimir Leben, and Son:DA).

In 2009 the selected works from the collection were presented on the To Be Continued exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art Rijeka, Croatia.

External Links

Gallery

Closing days of the 8th International Triennial Ecology and Art EKO at the former MTT textile factory in Maribor, 2021.

Opening of the exhibition A Letter to the Future at the former MTT textile factory in Maribor, 8th EKO 2021.

Closing days of the 8th International Triennial Ecology and Art EKO at the former MTT textile factory in Maribor, 2021.

Opening of the exhibition A Letter to the Future at the former MTT textile factory in Maribor, 8th EKO 2021.

A concrete sculpture by Banzo Matsura, made in 1977 and standing on Ptujska cesta (Ptujska road) in Maribor, 2008

A concrete sculpture by Dragica Čadež Lapajne (SI), made in 1986 and standing in front of the Primary School Gustav Šilih in Maribor, 2008

A concrete sculpture by Maciej Szankowski (PL), made in 1977 and standing in Bresternica, a village near Maribor, 2008

Exterior of the Maribor Art Gallery building in 2007. In the cellar of the historical building one can find the Satchmo Jazz Club, Maribor

Impossible Machines, an exhibition by Meta Grgurevič at Maribor Art Gallery, 2020.

Interior of Maribor Art Gallery, 2020.

Entrance of the UGM Studio, former Rotovž Salon, 2008

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Article
-| status       = WRITING INFOBOX TOPROOFREAD NIFERTIK!
+| status       = NEEDSUPDATE WRITING INFOBOX TOPROOFREAD NIFERTIK! PHOTO
-| maintainer   = Maja Škerbot
+| maintainer   =
 }}
 {{Infobox
 | name                = Maribor Art Gallery
 | localname           = Umetnostna galerija Maribor (UGM)
+| logo                = Maribor Art Gallery (logo).svg
 | street              = Strossmayerjeva 6
 | town                = SI-2000 Maribor
+| map                = http://www.openstreetmap.org/?lon=15.64191&lat=46.55856&zoom=17&layer=mapnik
 | telephone           = 386 (0) 2 229 5860
 | fax                 = 386 (0) 2 252 7784
-| email               = uprava@umg.si
+| email               = info@umg.si
 | website             = http://www.ugm.si
-| proprietor          = Maribor Urban Municipality
+| founded by          = Municipality of Maribor
 | contacts = {{Contact
-| name                = Breda Kolar Sluga
+| name                = Simona Vidmar Čelik
 | role                = Director
-| telephone           = 386 (0) 2229 58 60
+| telephone           = 386 (0) 2 250 2543
-| email               = breda.kolar@ugm.si
+| email               = simona.vidmar@ugm.si
 }}
-|opening hours        = Tue-Sun: 10am−6pm
+{{Contact
+  | name        = Urška Dokl
+  | role        = Public Relations
+  | street      =
+  | town        =
+  | website     =
+  | email       = urska.dokl@ugm.si
+  | telephone   = 386 (0) 2 229 46 96, 386 (0) 30 312 633
+  | fax         =
+  }}
+|opening hours  = 10am−6pm Tue-Sun
+| accounts =
+http://twitter.com/UGM_Maribor
+http://www.facebook.com/pages/UGM-l-Umetnostna-galerija-Maribor/169017662646
+http://www.youtube.com/user/umetnost1
+http://www.flickr.com/photos/umetnostnagalerijamaribor/
+https://www.instagram.com/ugm_maribor/
 }}
 {{Teaser|
-With its collection of more than 3.000 art works by Slovenian authors from the end of the 19th century up to present, [[Maribor Art Gallery]] is one of the main museums for modern and contemporary art in Slovenia. Painting, sculpture and prints are joined by photographs, video art, multimedia installations and interactive art projects.
-}}
-==Mission==
+{{wide Image|Maribor Art Gallery - building - Photo Damjan Svarc.jpg}}
-The mission of UGM is to collect, preserve, present, interpret, research, document and protect Slovenian cultural heritage in the area of visual art from the beginning of the 20th century to present time; further to present, promote and interpret contemporary Slovenian and international visual art; as well to educate the public about modern and contemporary visual art.
-UGM is currently active as a regional museum of modern and contemporary art in the area of Maribor Municipality, its founder, as well as in the greater area of North-Eastern Slovenia.
+With its collection of more than 3,000 art works by Slovene artists from the end of the 19th century up to the present, the [[Maribor Art Gallery]] (Umetnostna galerija Maribor (UGM)) is one of the main museums for modern and contemporary art in Slovenia. Painting, sculpture, and prints are joined by photographs, video art, multimedia installations, and interactive art projects. UGM serves as a regional museum of modern and contemporary art in the area of the [[Municipality of Maribor]], its founder, as well as in the greater area of north-eastern Slovenia. The museum also runs the [[UGM Studio]] and manages the [[Forma Viva Open Air Sculpture Collection, Maribor|Forma Viva Open Air Sculpture Collection]] in the City Park. The researchers can benefit from its rich [[Maribor Art Gallery Library and Archive|Library and Archive]]. In 2015 UGM has been in charge of the Slovenian pavilion featuring [[JAŠA]] at the Venice Biennial.
+}}
+==Background and venues==
+By establishing the Maribor Art Gallery in [[established::1954]] as the first professional institution in the field of fine arts Maribor again became a relatively important centre of artistic and cultural development that goes back to the tradition of the Grohar Art Club, which was established in the 1920s and had a pioneering role in the organised art life in Maribor. By moving into the building on the corner of Strossmayerjeva and Orožnova streets, UGM acquired about 800 square metres of exhibition space, including the representative Knights' Hall and Pillar Hall. The main exhibition venues are located in the former manor house built in the first half of the 19th century and the former church of the Celestine monastery from the second half of the 18th century.
-==History and venue==
+In 1966 the gallery acquired the Rotovž Salon located at the old Town Hall ('Rotovž') and in the 80s a Department for Contemporary Art and an additional modernist space for presenting contemporary visual art in the very centre of the town. The former space was closed in the 90s, while the second one runs the contemporary art programme as an [[UGM Studio]].
-By establishing the Maribor Art Gallery in 1954 as the first professional institution dedicated to museum and gallery activities the town became again a relatively important centre of artistic and cultural development that goes back to the tradition of the Grohar Art Club, which was established in the 1920s and had a pioneering role in organised art life in Maribor. By moving into the building on the corner of Strossmayerjeva and Orožnova ulica, UGM acquired about 800 square metres of exhibition space, including the representative Knights' Hall and Pillar Hall. The main exhibition venues are located in the former manor house built in the first half of 19th century and the former church of Celestine monastery from the second half of 18th century.
-By joining with the [[Rotovž Exhibition Salon]] in the 1980s, UGM acquired Department for Contemporary Art and additional space for presentation of contemporary visual art in the very centre of the town.
+==Programme==
+With its collection and the programme of approximately 20 exhibitions and events annually &ndash; ranging from retrospective reviews of works by Slovene artists, through solo and group presentations of visual and new media artists to international festivals of contemporary art as well as architecture and design exhibitions &ndash; UGM importantly shapes both the art scene in Slovenia, regionally and internationally. The most important international event is the [[International Triennial Ecology and Art]], organised by the Maribor Art Gallery since 1980. The museum also collaborates with other local organisers. In 2010, for example, it hosted the exhibition ''Twenty-six million minutes later. New Tendencies, from the Collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art Zagreb'' in the framework of the [[International Festival of Computer Arts (IFCA)]].
-==Programme==
+The gallery's Education Department runs an art programme for children and youth, including an annual exhibition ''Gallery-suits-me'' [Miprijagalerija].
-With its collection and programme of 20 special exhibitions a year – ranging from retrospective reviews of works by Slovenian authors to international festivals of contemporary art as well as architecture and design exhibitions – UGM importantly shapes both the art scene in Slovenia and internationally. Since summer 2009 presentation of all exhibitions and events in English language is accessible on the UGM internet archive (link in the chapter External Links)
 ==Collection==
-The collection contains works by major authors of modern and contemporary art, particularly by those from Styria (Štajerska region), Corinthia (Koroška region) and East Slovenia (Prekmurje region). Since 1999 UGM has held the first collection of video art in Slovenia. The collection of UGM comprising mainly works acquired through a systematic purchase policy, plus donations and legacies and also a small number of works of art transferred from [[Maribor Regional Museum]].
+The collection contains works by major artists of modern and contemporary art, particularly by those from Styria (Štajerska region), Carinthia (Koroška region) and East Slovenia (Prekmurje region). Since 1999 UGM has held the first collection of video art in Slovenia. The collection of UGM comprises mainly works acquired through a systematic purchase policy, plus donations and legacies and also a small number of works of art transferred from the [[Maribor Regional Museum]].
+===Paintings and sculptures===
+The collection of paintings comprises major historical styles of fine art of the 20th century and represents the core of the permanent collection of UGM. The features of the UGM collection are some complete opuses of selected authors from north-eastern Slovenia, such as [[Janez Šibila]], [[Maks Kavčič]], [[Oton Polak]], and [[Zmago Jeraj]]. Another focus are certain art movements, especially Slovene Expressionism and New Objectivity: the collection contains a few excellent works by [[Tone Kralj]] and [[France Kralj]], and [[Fran Stiplovšek]], as well as the opuses of [[Slavko Tihec]] and painter [[Rudolf Kotnik]], the pioneers and leading figures of Slovenian abstract art of the early 1960s.
-* Paintings and sculptures
+The production of the recent decades is represented by the works of [[Oto Rimele]], [[Darko Golija]], [[Jurij Kalan]], [[Marko Jakše]], [[Zdenka Žido]], and others. The collection attracts attention also with the works of [[Zoran Mušič]], an internationally acclaimed Slovenian painter who spent his youth and early creative years in Maribor.
-The collection of paintings comprise major historical styles of fine arts of the 20th century and represent the core part of the permanent collection of UGM (about the third of all the works). Sculpture is represented by Slovenian authors' art works created after 1945. The features of the UGM collection are complete opuses of selected authors from North-Eastern Slovenia, mostly by those belonging to older generations, such as Janez Šibila, Maks Kavčič, Oton Polak and Zmago Jeraj, and focus on certain art movements, especially Slovenian Expressionism and New Objectivity: the collection for instance contains a few excellent works by Tone Kralj and France Kralj, Ivan Kos and Fran Stiplovšek. The sculpture collection comprises opuses by sculptor Slavko Tihec and painter Rudolf Kotnik, the pioneers and leading figures of Slovenian abstract art of the early 1960s, as well as production of younger authors in the recent decades. Representatives of the latter in the UGM collection are some excellent artists based in Maribor, such as Oto Rimele and Darko Golija, as well as several Slovenian artists who belong to the younger and middle generation, such as Jurij Kalan, Marko Jakše, Zdenka Žido and others. The collection attracts also international attention with the works of Zoran Mušič, an internationally acclaimed Slovenian painter who spent his youth and early creative years in Maribor.
-* Prints and drawings
+===Prints and drawings===
-Printmaking, drawing and other works on paper form a substantial part of the UGM collection; like paintings, these works are following the main styles of history of art. The character of this part of the collection varied and includes works which accompany paintings or sculptures as sketches or studies as well as art works which have independently formed their own artistic expression and message. Works on paper have been created by using different classic and experimental techniques and represent an interesting study material. The collection of prints includes works by all major Slovenian artists; among those particularly interesting are Lojze Šušmelj's opus from the late 1960s, Bojan Golija's cycle of prints from the late 1950s that was inspired by Japanese prints, excellent works by the so-called Ljubljana printmaking school, works by Bogdan Borčič, leading Slovenian printmaker of the older generation, as well as works by one of the most prominent printmakers of the younger generation, Samuel Grajfoner
+Printmaking, drawing and other works on paper form a substantial part of the UGM collection, again based on 20th-century styles. Works on paper have been created by using different classic and experimental techniques and represent an interesting study material. The collection of prints includes works by all major Slovene artists; among those particularly interesting are [[Lojze Šušmelj|Lojze Šušmelj's]] opus from the late 1960s, [[Bojan Golija|Bojan Golija's]] cycle of prints from the late 1950s that was inspired by Japanese prints, excellent works by the so-called "Ljubljana Printmaking School" works by [[Bogdan Borčić]], a leading Slovene printmaker of the older generation, as well as works by one of the most prominent printmakers of the younger generation, [[Samuel Grajfoner]].
-* Photography
+===Photography===
-Systematic photography collection only began in 2002 and was expanded in 2009 with 140 photographs by the members of the Maribor circle, and with a donation of more than 900 photographs by the Maribor-based photographer Janko Andrej Jelnikar.  The collection has been compiled almost exclusively with donations. Today it comprises over 1.000 works. Priority is given to the works produced after 1960, when photography in Slovenia became a self-reliant and independent artistic medium. This was also the time when some Maribor-based photographers were acclaimed authors also in the wider area of the former Yugoslavia. The central part of the collection consists of works by members of the so-called Maribor circle, in the forefront being especially the authors Zmago Jeraj, Ivan Dvoršak, Janko Andrej Jelnikar and Branko Jerneić. There are also acquisitions of works by younger authors who have established themselves through photography, among them Aleksandra Vajd.
+UGM primarily collects photographic works produced after 1960, when photography in Slovenia became an independent artistic medium. During this time some Maribor-based photographers were also acclaimed in the wider area of the former Yugoslavia. The central part of the collection consists of works by members of the "Maribor Circle" with [[Zmago Jeraj]], [[Ivan Dvoršak]], [[Branko Jerneić]], and [[Janko Andrej Jelnikar]] who donated more than 140 photographs in 2009. The museum acquires also the works by younger artists who have established themselves through photography, among them [[Aleksandra Vajd]].
-* Video and new media
-In 1999 UGM began to collected works by Slovenian video artists. The UGM Video Art Collection comprise the historical review of Slovenian video art from the 1960s to present time. It includes works by 25 most important Slovenian authors like works by pioneers of Slovenian video art from the 1960s and 70s (such as Nuša Dragan & Srečo Dragan, Miha Vipotnik), the most important artists of the 1980s and 90s, the period when this medium established itself as an independent and equal medium of artistic creativity (among them Marina Gržinić & Aina Šmid, Marko Kovačič, Andrej Lupinc, Nataša Prosenc, Zemira Alajbegović Pečovnik & Neven Korda, Andrej Zdravič, Jasna Hribernik, Franc Purg, Ema Kugler are presented) as well as contemporary production of recent 15 years when the medium passed the tests of numerous new uses and adjustments within the complex life of contemporary art works (such as Vuk Čosić, Igor Štromajer, Davide Grassi/Janez Janša, Apolonija Šušteršič, Damijan Kracina & Vladimir Leben, Žiga Kariž, son:DA).
-==The new UGM==
+===Video and new media===
-Within the project [[Maribor - the European Capital of Culture 2012]] one of first steps the UGM did was the International Architecture Competition for the projects of the New Maribor Art Gallery (UGM) with 14.800 m2, rejuvenation of the River Drava embankments, and the new foot bridge over the River Drava, adjacent to the historic Old Bridge. The proposals for was judged by Director of Tate Liverpool Mr. Christoph Grunenberg (UK) and architects Peter L. Wilson (AUS), Jürgen Hermann Mayer (GER), Hrvoje Njirić (CRO), Stojan Skalicky (SLO), Matevž Čelik (SLO), Marko Studen (SLO). The winner XY was announced on the 24 March 2010.
+In 1999 UGM was the first museum in Slovenia to collect works by Slovene video artists. The collection is conceived as a historical survey of Slovene video works from the 1960s to present time. It includes the works by the pioneers from the 1960s and 1970s ([[Nuša Dragan]] & [[Srečo Dragan]], [[Miha Vipotnik]]), and by the most important video artists of the 1980s and 1990s, when the medium was established as an independent and equal medium of artistic creativity (among them [[Marina Gržinić]] & [[Aina Šmid]], [[Marko Kovačič]], [[Andrej Lupinc]], [[Zemira Alajbegović Pečovnik]] & [[Neven Korda]]). The works from the 1990s by [[Nataša Prosenc]], [[Andrej Zdravič]], [[Jasna Hribernik]], [[Franc Purg]], and [[Ema Kugler]] are presented as well as the contemporary production expanding to new media ([[Vuk Ćosić]], [[Igor Štromajer]], [[Janez Janša]], [[Apolonija Šušteršič]], [[Damijan Kracina]] & [[Vladimir Leben]], and [[son:DA]]).
+In 2009 the selected works from the collection were presented on the ''To Be Continued'' exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art Rijeka, Croatia.
 == See also ==
-* [[Rotovž I Exhibition Salon]]
+* [[Maribor Art Gallery Library and Archive]]
-* [[Rotovž II Exhibition Salon]]
+* [[UGM Studio]]
 * [[Forma Viva Open Air Sculpture Collection, Maribor]]
-* [[Satchmo Jazz Club, Maribor]] located in the Gallery's cellar.
+* [[Satchmo Jazz Club, Maribor]] located in the Gallery's cellar
 == External Links==
-* [[http://www.ugm.si/en/collection/ UGM collection]]
+*[http://www.ugm.si/en/ Maribor Art Gallery (UGM) website]
-*[[http://www.ugm.si/en/exhibition-events/archive/ UGM archive of exhibitions and events]]
+* [http://www.ugm.si/en/collection/ UGM collection]
+* [http://www.kunstaspekte.de/index.php?action=webkst&kst_id=3796 UGM on kunstaspekte website]
+* [http://videolectures.net/umetnina_gabrsek_prosenc_avtoportret/ Lecture on Jan Oeltjen's ''Self-portrait'' by Meta Gabršek Prosenc] on [[VideoLectures.Net]] (in Slovenian)
+{{Gallery}}
 [[Category:Museums]]
-[[Category:Visual arts venues]]
 [[Category:Visual arts galleries]]
 [[Category:Visual arts museums]]
+[[Category:Galleries]]
+[[Category:Visual arts]]
+[[Category:Collections]]
+[[Category:Exhibition organisers]]
+[[Category:Event organisers]]
+[[Category:Course organisers]]
+[[Category:Workshop organisers]]
+[[Category:Festival organisers]]
+[[Category:Photography]]
+[[Category:Video]]
+[[Category:Visual arts producers]]
+[[Category:Visual arts exhibition organisers]]
+[[Category:Photography exhibition organisers]]
+[[Category:Visual arts event organisers]]
+[[Category:Visual arts course organisers]]
+[[Category:Visual arts workshop organisers]]
+[[Category:Visual arts festival organisers]]
+[[Category:Architecture exhibition organisers]]
+[[Category:Design exhibition organisers]]
+[[Category:Architecture exhibition venues]]
+[[Category:Maribor, European Capital of Culture 2012]]
+[[Category:Slovene Impressionists and their Time]]
+[[Category:EU funding of Slovene organisations (Culture and MEDIA Programmes)]]
+[[Category:EU Culture funding recipient]]
+[[Category:EU Creative Europe, Culture funding recipient]]
+[[Category:Forma Viva Collection]]
+[[Category:Municipal cultural institutions]]
+[[Category:Courses_and_workshops]]
+[[Category:Design_exhibition_and_event_organisers]]